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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">myrwd</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Реальная клиническая практика: данные и доказательства</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Real-World Data &amp; Evidence</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2782-3784</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Publishing House OKI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37489/2782-3784-myrwd-075</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">NXKLWD</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">myrwd-104</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Биоплёнки метициллин-резистентных стафилококков и возможность борьбы с ними с помощью хлоргексидина и полигексанида: перспективы использования в реальной клинической практике</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Methicillin-resistant staphylococci biofilms and the possibility of controlling them with chlorhexidine and polyhexanide: prospects for use in real clinical practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2326-7413</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гордина</surname><given-names>Е. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gordina</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатерина Михайловна Гордина, к. м. н., старший научный сотрудник</p><p>отделение профилактики и лечения раневой инфекции</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina M. Gordina, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher</p><p>Department of Prevention and Treatment of Wound Infection</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">emgordina@win.rniito.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4879-4359</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шахматова</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shakhmatova</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александра Дмитриевна Шахматова, биолог</p><p>отделение клинической фармакологии</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandra D. Shakhmatova, biologist</p><p>Department of Clinical Pharmacology</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tridakhna@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-7133</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Касимова</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kasimova</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алина Рашидовна Касимова, к. м. н., доцент, доцент кафедры, врач – клинический фармаколог</p><p>кафедра клинической фармакологии и доказательной медицины; отделение клинической фармакологии</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alina R. Kasimova, Cand. Sci. (Med.), associate professor, Clinical pharmacologist </p><p>department of Clinical Pharmacology and Evidence-Based Medicine; Department of Clinical Pharmacology</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kasi-alina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9451-1834</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Торопов</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Toropov</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Сергеевич Торопов, врач – хирург-травматолог</p><p>отделение гнойной остеологии</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey S. Toropov, surgeon-traumatologist</p><p>Department of Purulent Osteology</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dostopovss@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2083-2424</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Божкова</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bozhkova</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Светлана Анатольевна Божкова, д. м. н., профессор, зав. отделением, профессор кафедры</p><p>научное отделение профилактики и лечения раневой инфекции; отделение клинической фармакологии; кафедра травматологии и ортопедии</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana A. Bozhkova, MD, PhD, Head of the Department, Professor</p><p>Scientific Department of Prevention and Treatment of Wound Infection; Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">clinpharm-rniito@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Р. Р. Вредена»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Vreden National Medical Research Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Р. Р. Вредена»; ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени И. П. Павлова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Vreden National Medical Research Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics; First St. Petersburg State Medical University named after I. P. Pavlov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>72</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гордина Е.М., Шахматова А.Д., Касимова А.Р., Торопов С.С., Божкова С.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гордина Е.М., Шахматова А.Д., Касимова А.Р., Торопов С.С., Божкова С.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gordina E.M., Shakhmatova A.D., Kasimova A.R., Toropov S.S., Bozhkova S.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.myrwd.ru/jour/article/view/104">https://www.myrwd.ru/jour/article/view/104</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Ведущими возбудителями имплантат-ассоциированной инфекции являются S. aureus и S. epidermidis, характеризующиеся способностью формировать биоплёнки, представляющие серьёзную угрозу для жизни и здоровья пациентов. Антибиотикотерапия является неотъемлемой частью комплексного лечения инфекции, однако большую роль играет промывание области хирургического вмешательства после удаления инфицированных компонентов антисептиками, в том числе на основе растворов полигексанида или хлоргексидина.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Оценить наличие генов биоплёнкообразования у метициллин-резистентных S. aureus и S. epidermidis, выделенных от пациентов с ортопедической инфекцией, а также выполнить сравнительный анализ действия хлоргексидина и полигексанида на их биоплёнки.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Выделение культур выполняли в соответствии с международными стандартами микробиологических исследований. Идентификацию выполняли методом MALDI-TOF MS, антибиотикочувствительность определяли в соответствии с EUCAST. Выделение и очистку ДНК проводили с использованием Auto-Pure S32 и набора Магно-Сорб. Амплификацию осуществляли на приборе CFX-96. Визуализацию выполняли системой гель-документации ChemiDoc. Биоплёнки формировали 48 часов, а затем обрабатывали полигексанидом или хлор-гексидином в течение 5, 10, 20, 40 минут. Деструктивное действие антисептиков определяли путём окраски генцианвиолетом и последующим сравнением с контролем. Наличие живых бактериальных клеток в биоплёнке после обработки препаратами оценивали с помощью раствора резазурина. Статистический анализ выполняли в GraphPad Prism 9.0.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Выявлен ген bap и не обнаружено генов ica-оперона. MRSA характеризовались наличием 3-х маркерных генов, а штаммы MRSE имели один или два маркерных гена. Полигексанид более эффективно разрушал биомассу сформированных суточных биоплёнок S. aureus — носителей генов bap, clfA/B, в отличие от хлоргексидина. Полигексанид статистически значимо снижал биомассу при экспозиции более 10 минут. Аналогичная закономерность выявлена и в отношении биоплёнок MRSE. Кроме того, препараты практически полностью уничтожали сесильные формы MRSE, а для бесплёночных клеток MRSA более эффективным былполигексанид.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Выполненное исследование позволило выявить основные генетические детерминанты биоплёнкообразования у метициллин-резистентных S. aureus и S. epidermidis. Установленные межвидовые генетические различия могут определять эффективность антисептиков и демонстрируют необходимость экспозиции изученных антисептических препаратов не менее 20 минут для достижения максимального действия на сесильные клетки стафилококков.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>   Introduction</title><p>   Introduction. The leading pathogens of implant-associated infection are S. aureus and S. epidermidis, characterized by the ability to biofilm formation, which pose a serious threat to the life and health of patients. Antibiotic therapy is an integral part of the complex treatment of infection, but washing the surgical area after the removal of infected components with antiseptics, including those based on polyhexanide or chlorhexidine, plays a major role.</p></sec><sec><title>   Objective</title><p>   Objective. To evaluate the presence of biofilm-forming genes in methicillin-resistant S. aureus and S. epidermidis isolated from patients with orthopedic infection and to perform a comparative analysis of the effect of chlorhexidine and polyhexanide on their biofilms.</p></sec><sec><title>   Materials and methods</title><p>   Materials and methods. Cultures were isolated according to the international standards of microbiological research. Identification was performed by MALDI-TOF MS, and antibiotic susceptibility was determined according to EUCAST. DNA was isolated and purified using Auto-Pure S32 and the Magno-Sorb kit. Amplification was performed on a CFX-96 device. Visualization was performed using the ChemiDoc gel documentation system. Biofilms were formed for 48 hours and then treated with polyhexanide or chlorhexidine for 5, 10, 20, 40 minutes. The destructive effect of the antiseptics was determined by staining with gentian violet and subsequent comparison with the control. The presence of live bacterial cells in the biofilm after treatment with the drugs was assessed using a resazurin sodium salt. Statistical analysis was performed in GraphPad Prism 9.0.</p></sec><sec><title>   Results</title><p>   Results. The bap gene was detected, and no ica-operon genes were found. MRSA were characterized by the presence of 3 marker genes, and MRSE strains had one or two marker genes. Polyhexanide was more effective in destroying the biomass of the formed daily biofilms of S. aureus — carriers of the bap, clfA/B genes, in contrast to chlorhexidine. Polyhexanide statistically significantly reduced the biomass with an exposure of more than 10 minutes. A similar pattern was found for the MRSE biofilms. In addition, the drugs almost destroyed the biofilm cells of MRSE, and polyhexanide was more effective against MRSA.</p></sec><sec><title>   Conclusion</title><p>   Conclusion. The study revealed the main genetic determinants of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and S. epidermidis biofilm formation. The established interspecies genetic differences can determine the effectiveness of antiseptics and demonstrate the need for exposure of the studied antiseptic for at least 20 minutes to achieve maximum effect on the biofilm cells of staphylococci.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>S. aureus</kwd><kwd>S. epidermidis</kwd><kwd>биоплёнка</kwd><kwd>хлоргексидин</kwd><kwd>полигексанид</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>S. aureus</kwd><kwd>S. epidermidis</kwd><kwd>biofilm</kwd><kwd>chlorhexidine</kwd><kwd>polyhexanide</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Научное исследование выполнено без дополнительного финансирования</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out without sponsorship</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Samelis P, Papagrigorakis E, Sameli E, Mavrogenis A, Savvidou O, Koulouvaris P. 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