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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">myrwd</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Реальная клиническая практика: данные и доказательства</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Real-World Data &amp; Evidence</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2782-3784</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Publishing House OKI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37489/2782-3784-myrwd-103</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">NKOOPM</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">myrwd-142</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ACTUAL REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Аналитические методы в работе с данными реальной клинической практики и доказательствами реальной клинической практики: критический обзор</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Analytical methods in real-world data/evidence (RWD/E): a critical review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3178-0424</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Идриса</surname><given-names>К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiryowa</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Идриса Кирёва - Магистрант</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kiryowa Idrisa MSc, Student</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">408079@edu.itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4454-2782</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Драгунс</surname><given-names>В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Draguns</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Драгунс Виталий - зам. генерального директора</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vitaly Draguns deputy general director</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vdraguns@x7cpr.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1204-5041</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Булкран</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Boulkrane</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Булкран Мохамед Саид - доцент</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mohamed Said Boulkrane Associate Professor</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mboulkrane@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Национальный исследовательский университет ИТМО»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>ITMO University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «Экс Севен Ресеч»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>X7 Research LLC</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>44</fpage><lpage>55</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Идриса К., Драгунс В., Булкран М.С., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Идриса К., Драгунс В., Булкран М.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kiryowa I., Draguns V., Boulkrane M.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.myrwd.ru/jour/article/view/142">https://www.myrwd.ru/jour/article/view/142</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Формирование медицинских доказательств все меньше опирается исключительно на рандомизированные контролируемые исследования (РКИ) и всё больше на данные реальной клинической практики (RWD). Собираемые в различных условиях рутинной клинической практики, данные RWD служат основой для получения доказательств, основанных на данных реальной клинической практики (RWE), предоставляя понимание исходов пациентов, эффективности лечения и организации здравоохранения. Хотя RWE повышает обобщаемость результатов и экономическую эффективность по сравнению с РКИ, присущая ей сложность, такие как проблемы с качеством данных, пропущенные значения, смешивающие факторы (конфаундинг) и ошибки отбора, требует применения строгих аналитических подходов.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. В данном критическом обзоре обобщается спектр аналитических методологий, применяемых к RWD, начиная с традиционных статистических методов и подходов (фреймворков) к каузальному анализу и заканчивая машинным обучением и продвинутыми методами, включая обработку естественного языка (NLP), байесовское моделирование и сетевой анализ. Каждый подход оценивается с точки зрения его сильных сторон, ограничений и пригодности для решения уникальных задач, возникающих при работе с RWD.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Традиционные статистические модели обеспечивают интерпретируемость и контроль наблюдаемых смешивающих факторов, но ограничены строгими допущениями и уязвимы перед неучтёнными смешивающими факторами. Методы каузального анализа, такие как инструментальные переменные и имитация целевого исследования, усиливают каузальную интерпретацию, но требуют строгих допущений и специализированных знаний. Подходы машинного обучения превосходны в прогнозировании и анализе многомерных данных, но сталкиваются с проблемами интерпретируемости и обобщаемости. Продвинутые методы, включая NLP и байесовские модели, расширяют аналитические возможности, но требуют значительного опыта и вычислительных ресурсов. Во всех категориях триангуляция (использование нескольких методов) повышает надёжность и достоверность результатов.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. RWE играет критическую роль в разработке лекарств, пострегистрационном наблюдении, сравнительных исследованиях эффективности, исследованиях в области экономики здравоохранения и оценки исходов (HEOR), а также в персонализированной медицине. Будущий прогресс зависит от новых инноваций, таких как федеративное обучение, генерация синтетических данных и объяснимый ИИ (XAI), наряду с достижениями в области интеграции данных, гармонизации и воспроизводимости результатов. Методологическая прозрачность, строгая валидация и междисциплинарное сотрудничество необходимы для обеспечения того, чтобы RWE предоставляла надёжные, этичные и клинически значимые выводы, способные служить основой для регуляторных решений и оптимизации здравоохранения во всём мире.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Healthcare evidence generation is shifting beyond randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to embrace real-world data (RWD). Collected from diverse routine care settings, RWD underpins real-world evidence (RWE), offering insights into patient outcomes, treatment effectiveness, and healthcare delivery. While RWE enhances generalizability and cost-effectiveness compared with RCTs, its inherent complexities such as data quality issues, missingness, confounding, and selection bias demand rigorous analytical approaches.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. This critical review synthesizes the spectrum of analytical methodologies applied to RWD, ranging from traditional statistical techniques and causal inference frameworks to machine learning and advanced methods including natural language processing (NLP), Bayesian modeling, and network analysis. Each approach is appraised in terms of strengths, limitations, and suitability for addressing the unique challenges of RWD.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Traditional statistical models provide interpretability and control for observed confounding but are limited by strong assumptions and vulnerability to unmeasured confounders. Causal inference methods, such as instrumental variables and target trial emulation, strengthen causal interpretation but require strong assumptions and specialized expertise. Machine learning approaches excel in prediction and high-dimensional data analysis but face interpretability and generalizability challenges. Advanced methods, including NLP and Bayesian models, extend analytical capacity but demand significant expertise and computational resources. Across categories, triangulation of multiple methods enhances robustness and credibility.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. RWE plays a critical role in drug development, post-market surveillance, comparative effectiveness research, health economics and outcomes research, and personalized medicine. Future progress hinges on emerging innovations such as federated learning, synthetic data generation, and explainable AI (XAI), alongside advances in data integration, harmonization, and reproducibility. Methodological transparency, rigorous validation, and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential to ensure that RWE delivers trustworthy, ethical, and clinically actionable insights capable of informing regulatory decisions and optimizing healthcare globally.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>доказательства реальной клинической практики</kwd><kwd>RWE</kwd><kwd>данные реальной клинической практики</kwd><kwd>RWD</kwd><kwd>каузальный анализ</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>аналитика в здравоохранении</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>real-world evidence</kwd><kwd>RWE</kwd><kwd>real-world data</kwd><kwd>RWD</kwd><kwd>causal inference</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>healthcare analytics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alemayehu D, Ali R, Alvir JMaJ, et al. 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